Graph theory has been a valuable tool for modeling real-world phenomena for centuries, but it has its limits when it comes to finding connections in big data. Binary networks are unable to capture complex group influences, and researchers have realized the need to develop new mathematical models that can account for higher-order interactions. This has led to the exploration of hypergraphs, simplicial complexes, and higher-order Markov chains. Mathematicians and computer scientists are working to develop new rules and tools to understand and analyze these higher-order phenomena, ultimately expanding the possibilities for data analysis.
https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-big-data-carried-graph-theory-into-new-dimensions-20210819/