For over 1,000 years, Norwegians have been using crampons to navigate slippery winters. These ice grips with spikes were common in Viking Age graves, used by both humans and horses. Archaeologists find them in cities from the Middle Ages as well. Museum educator Espen Kutschera tested Viking-era crampons on compacted snow and found them effective in preventing falls. Historical texts mention their use in battle. Some intact crampons have been discovered, including one in Oslo’s Medieval Park with the original leather strap. Archaeology professor Marianne Vedeler believes many people could afford these essential winter tools despite the cost of iron.
https://www.sciencenorway.no/ice-viking-age-winter/the-vikings-also-used-crampons-to-avoid-slipping-on-ice/2456603